Central Asian governments’ legislation, including extremism laws, has been influenced by decades of Soviet rule of the region. When the governments of Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, and Uzbekistan enforce extremism laws, they regularly go beyond using the legislation to address legitimate security threats and penalize individuals engaged in peaceful religious activities. While all states have an obligation to protect individuals from extremism-motivated violence and incitement to violence, they also are required to uphold other human rights enshrined under international law. Despite this, each Central Asian state enforces extremism laws in ways that fail to uphold the human right to freedom of religion or belief (FoRB).

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