This report provides an update on religious freedom conditions in Indonesia during 2023. Blasphemy allegations and convictions remain persistent religious freedom violations throughout Indonesia. The new criminal code, passed at the end of 2022 and signed by President Joko Widodo (Jokowi) in January 2023, will further criminalize blasphemy and expand on other religious freedom violations when implemented in 2026. Additionally, local government initiatives to codify discrimination against minority communities, including religious minorities, continue to gain traction throughout the country. Finally, Indonesia’s education system in some locales continues to mandate the wearing of religious clothing such as the hijab, even for non-Muslim girls.

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